Semestre 1

This module is designed to build on and deepen the foundations of chemistry that students have acquired in previous learning cycles. It introduces key concepts about the structure of atoms, the different types of chemical bonds, the geometry of molecules, and the forces that act between them, while also exploring how these interactions determine the various states of matter. The module then moves toward studying chemical reactions, with a particular focus on acid-base processes and redox systems, which are central to understanding both natural phenomena and industrial applications. To provide a more complete view of chemical behavior, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reactions are examined, allowing students to understand not only the driving forces of reactions but also the speed at which they occur and the conditions under which they reach equilibrium. Special emphasis is placed on the notion of chemical equilibrium, as it represents a key bridge between theory and practice, equipping students with the tools needed to explain, predict, and control chemical transformations in real-world contexts.

Agriculture is one of the most critical global economic activities, covering a third of the world’s land and employing about 30%(Food and agriculture organisation of the uneted stations) of the working population. Despite its significance, agricultural geography receives little attention in developed countries like the UK and the US, where urban and industrial issues dominate. Agriculture involves the purposeful cultivation of plants and livestock for human consumption, distinguishing it from activities like hunting and gathering. Some argue that modern agricultural industries, such as poultry farming, resemble industrial operations due to their scale and efficiency, yet they still fall under agriculture.